This paper is aims to review the book entitled Review of HISTORY: What and Why? byBeverley Southgate. Our findings show that this book is not an original work which contains speculations of the author, but it is an elementary text book about one of the most important questions of the philosophy of HISTORY, i. e. Does HISTORY have any kind of objectivity? In a good manner, he gathered views of the former as well as the latter. Also, he shows that how the HISTORY, as a disciplines affected by other fields of humanities. Its language is simple and has a logical structure. But relativistic and subjectivist approach of the author is one of the challenging aspects of this book in Iranian philosophical atmosphere. This book is old and its subject matters are very limited.

Theater, cinema, HISTORY, and travel account take advantage of “anecdote”, but they are not considered as story. In these types of anecdote, the means of communication are different, even though there may be not much difference between them paying attention to their narrative basis. HISTORY is a story which is read. For example, if a movie is made or a drama is played based on a story, just the means of stating the narrative changes. It means that in all these works “story” is the infrastructure. So, in all of the works that are close to stories in some ways, anecdote is observable. HISTORY gets close to story since it continuously expresses the events in which kings and rulers are heroes. Besides, in HISTORY, chronological anecdotes are used. Furthermore, “conversation”, “real-like nature”, “stage management”, and “struggle” are taken into account as COMMON elements in story and HISTORY. But, since story is told in a delicate artistic way and is organized (it includes introduction, plot, characterization, atmosphere creation and so forth), it belongs to Art while HISTORY belongs to science for it is not artistic and organized. The present study, utilizing a descriptive analytical way, has investigated and analyzed the COMMON elements in story and HISTORY.The findings of the article indicate that HISTORY and story have been related since the time of Aristotle and such a relation is steel seen between them. On the other hand, story is artistic but HISTORY is not the same in being artistic and introducing evidences and documents.

Man has been created “ free” to take advantage of the blessing of “ free will” to achieve "salvation" in crucial moments while being free from chains of superstitions and misunderstanding. The COMMON divine traditions in HISTORY, which are also reflected in the verses of the Quran, are an effective tool for testing the servants of God and displaying their light or dark end. In this regard, following a lexicological analysis of the word “ sunnah” in the holy Quran and surveying the views of the infallible leaders and the Sunni and Shiite scholars, the three prominent features “ pervasiveness” and “ divinity” of historical traditions and their connection with freedom and free will are introduced in this article, and finally traditions such as “ the rule of the elite” , “ the victory of the prophets and the believers” and “ injustice, the demolisher of nations” are examined. The present research work concludes that taking cognizance of the COMMON traditions in the HISTORY of the ancients acts like a lighted candle to show the way ahead and make man prosperous in the world and in the Hereafter.

According to a long tradition, historians generally provide their findings to the society in writing, and publishing the achievements based on oral HISTORY was also under the influence of this tradition in Iran. But the point missing is that the oral HISTORY theoretically and structurally has more COMMON with audio-based media such as radio than print media and these two can cooperate at different stages of production and publication of research achievements. Relying on the most recent resources of audio media productions, particularly radio in the field of oral HISTORY, this study identifies optimal solutions for interdisciplinary interaction of oral histories and radio media.

After the arrival of the colonizers in Egypt and India, along with the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate and the emergence of personalities such as Maududi, Sayyid Qutb, Hassan al-Banna and others in various places, Salafi insurgencies and movements arose in some Islamic countries. The formation of these movements caused incompatibilities between them and the governments of the Islamic lands. Most of these insurgencies were formed under the influence of foreign invasion for the Islamic lands as well as the growth of extremist ideas in the form of takfir in Islamic thought. These movements led to armed insurgencies against foreigners as well as similar rulers in Islamic lands and later in all parts of the world. The question is how these movements, which, according to the explicit claims of their leaders, have taken their principles from the Qur'an and Sunnah and have declared their policy to refer to the Qur'an and their predecessors, have been formed historically and what are their principles of behavior and COMMON bases? In response, the HISTORY of their formation and the Salafi movements influencing their growth in the three main points of Egypt, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula were examined and their types are referred to base on their view about Takfir, which includes moderate, extremist and jihadist movements. Their COMMON principles and bases are also referred, which include the takfir of Muslims and rulers of Islamic countries, the development of the concept of defensive jihad and its globalization, the permission to kill civilians, and suicidal operations.

In order to study the genetic control of resistance to COMMON smut in maize, two resistant inbred lines, K1264/1 and K47/2-2-21 and two susceptible inbred lines, K3304/1-2 and K47/2-2-1-3-3-1, were crossed as K1264/1 × K3304/1-2, K47//2-2-21 × K3304/1-2 and K1264/1 × K47/2-2-1-3-3-1. The F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies were produced and evaluated along with parents using randomized compelet block design with three replications. All generations were artificially inoculated with spordia of Ustilago maydis suspension. Inoculation was carried out 7-10 days after silking through injection of 3 ml of 106 spores/ml fungal suspension, using tip injection method. At maturity, disease severity was determined based on ears infection and analysed according to generation means analysis method for three crosses. Joint scaling test showed that the presence of additive, dominance and epistasis effects, especially additive × additive and dominance × dominance type, and in lesser extent, additive × dominance, in genetic control of resistance to maize COMMON smut. Average broad and narrow-sense heritability based on three crosses data were estimated 80.3 and 57.3, respectively.

The use of zeolite was investigated to improve the environmental condition of COMMON carp. The fingerlings of 13 grams were tested in 4 treatments. Each treatment contained 60 fish and 3 replications, in RBD experiment design. The treatment was performed 20, 40, 80 and 120 mg/l and one without zeolite as control. EC, T, O2 and salinity was equal but the amount of No2, NO3, NH4 and total hardness, was lower in zeolite treatment compared to the control group. Other parameters such as TDS, pH and sulfide were not different. The results showed that using zeolite can improve the water condition but the SGR, PER, FCR and total weight, in spite of pronounced difference between the dosage of 8 and 120 mg/l, the difference was not significant. In treatment of 80 mg/l, weight increased for 31%, GR for 29%, SGR for 29%, PER for 42%, more than the control group. FCR in the control group was 3.07 while in treatment with 80 mg/l zeolite, it was 2.34.The present study showed by using zeolite and by good management to improve the water condition, it is possible to improve the growth parameters of fish.

The book “, HISTORY and Theory in Anthropology”,by Alan Barnard, a leading researcher and author of anthropological studies, especially anthropology in South Africa is among valuable works in the field of anthropology. In this book, he examines the theoretical nature of anthropology throughout HISTORY and the views of prominent scholars and thinkers of this science and their comparisons, as well as the rooting of theories and schools of thought presented in the field of anthropology. The purpose of this book is to examine the pioneering views of anthropological studies, evolution in all its dimensions, the theory of disseminators in cultural areas, functionalism and structural functionalism, pragmatic theories, processing, and Marxist views, various aspects of relativism, structuralism and post-structuralism, postmodernist views and recent interpretations. Although this work should be regarded as an overview of anthropological theories and related problems since it lacks the details of theorists, approaches, and ideas, its very briefness of the terms and contents, its conceptual clarity and explanation have been diminished and it requires revisions.

The under review book of Homo Deus, A Brief HISTORY of Tomorrow, is the second part of the trilogy of Sapiens, Homo Deus, and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century were all written by Yuval Noah Harari. In this book, the writer has first reviewed the HISTORY behind the formation of the human mindset from Paleolithic to the renaissance with particular emphasis on the scientific revolution and appearance of the humanism paradigm and its subdivisions (liberalism, socialism, and fascism). Doing so, he concluded that the invention of the internet of everything and using more sophisticated computer-generated algorithms by Google and Facebook (Dataism) would eventually put humans aside forever. The writers of this critique compared the Farsi translation with the English one and realized that some parts of the Farsi version suffer from improper translation, and some other parts have been deleted during the translation. In addition to that, it is probable that human societies might escape from the illustrated dark future by Harari. Learning from past events, and more importantly, using our global consciousness, which we possess more than ever, might change the inevitable future.